There’s a common misconception amongst DIYers (and even some professionals) that all scan tools and code readers are created equal. You might think that code reader you bought online for $9.95 is going to give you the same information as the dealer’s super-expensive scanner, but that’s not the case.
The truth is, there are a wide array of scan tools and code readers, all of which provide different levels of information and functionality.
Regardless of whether you’re shopping for new equipment or you’re just looking to expand your knowledge, it’s helpful to know what kinds of tools are available to help you troubleshoot your vehicle.
Before we dive into the different types of scan tools and code readers, it’s helpful to have a refresher on the basics of onboard diagnostics (OBD). In a modern OBD system, a computer (referred to as a control module) monitors various sensors and circuits, looking for problems. If the module detects an issue, it stores a corresponding diagnostic trouble code (DTC) in its memory. That DTC can then be retrieved using a scan tool or code reader to help troubleshoot the vehicle.
Contrary to popular belief, code readers and scan tools are not the same things. Scan tools are far more comprehensive than code readers.
A typical code reader can only handle two primary tasks: retrieving and clearing DTCs. Some code readers can also display readiness monitors and freeze-frame. Readiness monitors indicate the state of the onboard diagnostic system’s self-tests, whereas freeze-frame displays the data that was present if and when any DTCs were set.
Meanwhile, a scan tool can display everything a code reader can, plus live data. Live data allows you to view select engine operating parameters in real-time. Some high-end scanners can also perform bi-directional tests and other advanced functions.
One often overlooked distinction is the difference between generic and manufacturer-specific diagnostic information. Most code readers can only display generic information (and sometimes manufacturer-specific powertrain codes, but without definitions), while some higher-end scanners can display both types of information.
All vehicles model year 1996 and newer support a selection of generic OBD codes and data known as global OBD2. The information is considered generic or “global” because it’s defined by the Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) rather than the vehicle manufacturer.
An individual vehicle will only support a portion of the available generic OBD2 codes and data. Exactly what information is supported will depend on the year, make, and model of the vehicle. Sometimes the engine size and other factors also make a difference.
Unlike generic OBD2 codes and data, manufacturer-specific information is defined by the automaker. Manufacturer-specific diagnostic information can be retrieved from all of the vehicle’s onboard modules, whereas generic OBD2 pertains to the powertrain.
Every model year 1996 and newer car will support select powertrain codes and data from both the generic OBD2 pool and the vehicle manufacturer. That means every car has two separate sets of powertrain data: generic and manufacturer-specific.
Every vehicle will support a list of generic OBD2 powertrain live data parameters, which can be retrieved using a generic scan tool. At the same time, there will also be a separate list of powertrain live data parameters defined by the vehicle manufacturer.
Note: The two images above demonstrate the two sets of data (generic and manufacturer-specific) being retrieved from a single vehicle.
The same holds true for codes. A generic OBD2 code will have two definitions: one from SAE and another from the vehicle manufacturer. Usually, the two definitions are similar or the same but not always.
In many cases, you’ll need access to the manufacturer-specific information to accurately diagnose a vehicle.
Is your car’s check engine light illuminated? Or maybe the anti-lock brake warning light is turned on?
The type of scan tool or code reader you reach for will determine whether you can retrieve the codes associated with those warning lights. Also, the device you select will play a role in whether you can accurately diagnose the vehicle.
As was mentioned, most code readers are designed solely to read and clear diagnostic trouble codes. But not all code readers are created equal. There are several tiers of code readers, with the most basic tools only being capable of reading and displaying the numeric portion ( e.g., P0420) of currently stored codes.
If you step up to a slightly more sophisticated code reader, you’ll typically be able to retrieve the full generic code definition (e.g., P0420 Catalyst System Efficiency Below Threshold, Bank 1) for current, history, and pending codes.
Some more advanced readers will also display freeze-frame data and OBD monitor status. Usually, you’ll also be able to retrieve manufacturer-specific codes, but they often don’t have a definition beyond the code number.
It’s worth pointing out that most code readers only display powertrain DTCs, though some will also display select chassis and body electronics codes.
A generic scan tool can usually display everything a code reader does, plus generic OBD2 live data. Because such scan tools can only access generic information, you’re typically limited to powertrain codes. There are, however, some generic scanners that can display select chassis and body electronics codes.
OEM-enhanced scan tools provide generic OBD2 information, as well as manufacturer-specific codes and live data. In addition, most OEM-enhanced tools can retrieve information from all of the vehicle’s modules, ranging from the powertrain to climate control.
Many OEM-enhanced tools also provide bi-directional controls, which allow the user to perform operations (for example, turning the electric cooling fan on and off) on select output devices via the scan tool. Some of these tools can also perform more advanced functions, such as key programming and advanced driver assistance (ADAS) calibrations.
As you might guess, a factory scan tool is designed to only work on a specific brand of vehicle. Examples include the Ford Integrated Diagnostic Suite (IDS) and the Nissan Consult. These days, most factory scan tools consist of original equipment (OE) software loaded onto a laptop.
You can often get knock-off versions of factory scan tools online, but they often don’t function as well as the original equipment. Also, black market factory scan tool software can contain viruses.
With so many options to choose from, it’s easy to feel overwhelmed when buying a scan tool. There are so many different types, designs, and features to choose from. To make things easier, here’s a list of questions to consider when buying your first scan tool:
It also won’t hurt to browse online forums to look for recommendations from your fellow drivers. However, don’t forget that the best auto code reader is the one that best meets your needs as a car owner.
Now that you know what kinds of scan tools and code readers are out there, you might be wondering which is right for you. The answer depends on your lifestyle and level of automotive knowledge.
Even if you’re the DIFM type who lets a professional handle all of your auto repairs, you can still benefit from owning a simple code reader. You can stash the device in your car in case the check engine light illuminates. If the light turns on, you’ll be able to retrieve powertrain DTCs and get an idea of what might be wrong with your car before bringing it to the mechanic.
An entry-level DIYer is generally someone who tackles routine maintenance and small repairs on their car. If you fall into this category, a generic scan tool will likely be a good fit. Such tools offer an affordable way to view OBD2 codes and live data that can shed some light on powertrain problems.
If you plan on only working on one brand of car (for example, Ford), a factory scan tool might be a good choice. Otherwise, an OEM-enhanced scanner that covers a wide range of makes and models is the best choice for an advanced DIYer.
These days, vehicles are so complex that many problems can’t be diagnosed without an OEM-enhanced scan tool. Such a device gives you access to factory codes, live data, and other functions that you’ll need to troubleshoot modern vehicles.
If you’re looking for a tool that can tell you what’s wrong with your vehicle, then yes, a code reader is certainly worth it. However, if you’re looking for more in-depth data, then a scan tool is the way to go.
These tools aren’t guaranteed to solve every problem you encounter with your car, but they’re certainly a good place to start.
Different mechanics will obviously have different preferences, but most auto repair shops will invest in high-quality OBD2 scanners that can present real-time data and accurate diagnostic information.
The exact price will vary depending on the code reader’s type, brand, and other factors, but you can expect to spend anywhere from around $30 to over $1240.
Any information provided on this Website is for informational purposes only and is not intended to replace consultation with a professional mechanic. The accuracy and timeliness of the information may change from the time of publication.
View Comments
Do you have any cod records for a Dodge 350 Diesel it says (DEF ) I changed the DEF pump now I just have to reprogram to reset it
What kind of code reader do you recommend to get that DEF light off and reset it
Hello,
If you're talking about performing the "DEF Reductant Doser Prime Override Test", which is required after installing and new pump on select models, you'll need either a factory tool or an OEM-enhanced tool with bi-directional controls. If you go with an OEM-enhanced tool, such as one from Autel, Launch, or TOPDON, you can call customer service to ask whether that test is supported by whatever tool you're considering.